I think hate is learned through repetition. It shows up in jokes, headlines, campaign ads, sermons, school policies, hiring decisions, neighborhood boundaries, television, and the way people talk at the dinner table. Then those things reinforce one another. A stereotype gets repeated until it feels like common sense. That stereotype helps justify exclusion. The exclusion creates unequal outcomes, and people point to those outcomes as proof that the stereotype was true all along.
We have also lost many of the places where people used to build a shared public life. Local newspapers have closed. Libraries, unions, community centers, parks, public programs, and neighborhood organizations have been underfunded or stripped down. People have fewer places to spend time with people outside their immediate circles, work on something together, and develop a sense of responsibility for one another. Social media stepped into that gap, and its business model often rewards fear, outrage, humiliation, and constant repetition.
There are studies where people are repeatedly shown counter-stereotypical images and messages, and some of them later score better on implicit-bias tests. That tells us repeated exposure can change something. The problem is that they then return to workplaces, families, churches, schools, media, and online spaces that keep teaching the old lesson. A short intervention cannot compete with an environment that reinforces the bias every day.
That is why I think this needs to be treated as a public-health problem. We have to work upstream and at several levels at once. That means changing what children are taught, rebuilding local organizations and public spaces, supporting local journalism, holding political and religious leaders accountable, regulating platforms that profit from hate, responding early to harassment and threats, and creating real ways for people to belong without needing an enemy.